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Catherine the Great's grandson was Alexander I of Russia. He reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1801 until his death in 1825. Alexander I is known for his role in the Napoleonic Wars and his efforts in modernizing Russia.
A well-known transform boundary in California is the San Andreas fault.
The region of Russia known as "The Russian Freezer" is known as Siberia.
Modern composers in pop-music are Игорь Крутой, Игорь Николаев, Константин Меладзе.
Modern slavery is still present throughout the world. In Europe, it is most common in Eastern Europe, for example, in Russia. It is known as human trafficking.
Russian astronauts, be they from the old USSR or modern-day Russia, have always been known as 'cosmonauts'.
The cost of coordinating the efforts of sub-units is known as Transaction Cost
The modern concept of probation can be traced back to the nineteenth century volunteer efforts of John Augustus. He is known as the "Father of Probation" for his pioneering work in advocating for the practice of releasing offenders on probation under the supervision of volunteers rather than imprisonment.
The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. The territory purchased was about 600,000 square miles (1,600,000 km�) of the modern state of Alaska.
Old: Litva Fairly Modern: Byelorussia, Belorussia, White Russia
Spectral analysis of a repetitive waveform into a harmonic series can be done by Fourier analyis. This idea is generalised in the Fourier transform which converts any function of time expressed as a into a transform function of frequency. The time function is generally real while the transform function, also known as a the spectrum, is generally complex. A function and its Fourier transform are known as a Fourier transform pair, and the original function is the inverse transform of the spectrum.