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It was named by the Spanish after a legendary island, one ruled by black Amazons and their queen Calafia. It was the subject of a 1510 book The Exploits of Esplandian, by Spanish author Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.

The name was first applied to Baja California in 1533 by Diego de Becerra, one of the conquistadors under Hernán Cortés. Because of the long narrow gulf, Baja was believed to be an island. Later, the name was applied to all Mexican territory in what is now the US Southwest.

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