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usually the rock is limestone, and some chemicals in nature react with it.

It could also be prolonged exposure to water waves, or other deformations.

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To clarify the first sentence, the accepted meaning of the term cave formation as a noun, when referring to caves in limestone as the vast majority are, is "speleothem": stalactites, stalagmites and similar. These are deposits of calcite precipitated from solution in ground-water.

Mechanical weatheringby water can produce wonderful shapes but in limestone it is still an adjunct to the primary process ofdissolution.

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