Religious tolerance
European monarchs became increasingly powerful due to the centralization of authority, which allowed them to consolidate control over their realms and reduce the influence of feudal lords. The rise of nation-states, fueled by conflicts such as the Hundred Years' War and the Reformation, further strengthened their positions as they built professional armies and established bureaucracies. Additionally, the accumulation of wealth from colonial expansion and trade provided monarchs with the resources needed to maintain their power and implement policies that benefited the central government.
The official religion of the Spanish Empire was Roman Catholicism. The Spanish monarchs enforced religious unity and sponsored missions to spread Christianity to newly conquered territories. This religious influence played a significant role in shaping Spanish colonial policies and practices.
Monarchs were typically advised by a council of nobles, trusted advisors, or ministers who provided guidance on governance, military matters, and diplomacy. In many cases, chief advisors or prime ministers played a crucial role in shaping policies and decisions. Additionally, religious leaders often influenced monarchs, offering counsel based on moral and ethical grounds. The composition of these advisory bodies varied depending on the historical period and the specific monarchy.
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Three notable enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century were Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria. Frederick the Great implemented various reforms in education, legal systems, and religious tolerance, while Catherine the Great expanded Russian territory and promoted Westernization and the arts. Joseph II is known for his ambitious reforms aimed at modernizing Austria, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. These monarchs sought to apply Enlightenment ideas to governance, balancing autocratic rule with progressive social policies.
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