Every galaxy. General relativity is the most general theory of gravity we have to date. Newtonian gravity works to describe many things but it falls apart under certain situations.
The observed rotation curve of galaxies, which shows that stars orbit the galactic center at higher speeds than predicted by Newtonian gravity, requires the use of general relativity to account for the motion of matter at large scales. This discrepancy is known as the galactic rotation problem.
Yes, it obviously is, since people use it and you have heard of it.
Einstein's theory of relativity encompasses two theories: special relativity and general relativity. The theory of relativity is simply referred to as relativity in the field of physics.
I don't think there is a special name for that. You can use the more general term "astronomer".
Some of the secondary sources that Albert Einstein used works of Hendrik Lorentz. He used this for special relativity. For general relativity, he referred to Mach, Gauss and Riemann works.
Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravity was written in 1687, however he did not come up with a theory of relativity. The first person to come up with a theory of relativity was Galileo Galilei, but this theory turned out to be incorrect. In a paper in 1905 Albert Einstein built upon Galileo's ideas and produced the special theory of relativity. This is a very famous paper that turned the physics world on its head. The equivalance of mass and energy in his most famous equation, was deduced as a result of this theory. Furthermore, In 1916 Albert Einstein produced the General theory of relativity, a theory of gravitiation which is an extremely successfulvand famous theory. This is the gravitation theory that we use today, as it is supremely accurate. However, Newtons theory of gravitiation works well for speeds much less than the speed of light in a vacuum, and has the benefit of being much less complex!
Quite a bit actually. For instance, muons have a very short lifetime, which is not long enough to go from the top of the earth's atmosphere to the surface, however that is exactly what we see. Also, if we did not use relativity when using GPS or anything to do with satellites for that matter, all satellites would be off by about 12m every day. Neither of these problems could be explained unless you use the theories of special and general relativity.
"Relativity" is a noun. For instance: Relativity is a wonderful concept.
Sociolinguistic relativity refers to the set of conventions, rules and patterns unique to a community which they use in conducting communication.
there are millions of stars in the galaxy
The effects of gravity on light waves were observed, during a solar eclipse, on May 29, 1919. Einstein's prediction was confirmed.
The general tendency is for galaxies that are farther away from us, to move away from us faster. This can give a rough idea of a galaxy's distance, just by observing its redshift (which is a measure of how fast it moves away from us).