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After becoming president of Turkey in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk implemented a series of sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing and secularizing the country. He replaced the Ottoman legal system with a new civil code based on European models, granted women equal rights, and established a secular education system. Atatürk also adopted a Latin-based alphabet to replace the Arabic script, promoted industrialization, and emphasized nationalism as a unifying force for the diverse population of Turkey. These changes laid the foundation for a secular, modern nation-state.

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