lame duck
At one time early in United States history, the President and vice-President were elected seperately. The Constitution was later changed to have the President and vice-President run as a pair.
Technically he is both, but it is usual to refer to him as a president or the incumbent, since referring to him as a candidate makes it sound as though he isn't already a president.
A president about to leave office is referred to as a "Lame Duck" president.
President-elect
Virginia seceded almost immediately after Lincoln's call for troops.
presidential votes happen on national election day, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. That date changes each year. the President takes office at noon on January the 20th of the next year (about 2 months after "winning") that gives the new President time to organize herself (or himself, but I suppose I am being hopeful there) before taking over. It also gives the sitting President time to call the movers.
President elect. Mr. Obama.
Because border ruffians from Missouri had crossed over to participate in the election.
soon after presidents could be elected, Hancock was elected president but never showed up for the inauguration. I guess you could call it the shortest term - zero days.
minor, or third, parties appear from time to time. although no third-party candidate has ever been elected president, minor parties do affect election outcomes. they take votes from major parties and they call attention to certain issues.
In 1989, he was forced to call elections and in 1990, the new President was elected democratically.
Sitting means "current" or "active" president. According to the smarties on StackExchange politics, it is acceptable, to call ex-presidents "Mister [lastname]", or "Former President", or even "Mister President" - even though they no longer have that role. Famously, Marilyn Monroe addressed a sitting member of the executive staff (President Kennedy) as "Mister President" in a happy birthday song, and most guys who listened to that.. well, their members were standing rather than sitting afterwards. ;)