A powder horn.
Holster
According to a website specialising in English Civil War equipment: Gunpowder was carried in bandoleers.
The magazine.
Carbine, rifle, firearm, or gun. Those are synonyms for musket.
A musket is an old fashioned, smooth barreled long gun.
well the Chinese made gun powder and made a gun much like a musket ( not known specifically who is known). but in the late 1800's a man named Oliver Winchester made the modern gun called the Winchester rifle, but if ur woundering about handguns it was the colt revolver made by samual colt.
Yes
nope
It would depend on the type of gun,for the most part anything that is called a "rifle" has rifling in the barrel. A musket generally doesn't have rifling and is considered a "smooth bore" There are cases in both instances that cross the line such as rifled muskets (used in the Civil War) and weapons mistakenly called "rifles" as in you will hear a Brown Bess or charliville musket called a rifle. There are also guns called "Fowler's" these are for the most part smooth bore and meant for shot, but can also fire a ball, much the same as the musket.
Earlier gun than the Old West.
Firearms have been around in Europe since the 1500's. So yes, they had guns. The English and most European nations had what is called matchlock muskets. They were loaded from the muzzle end of the barrel. To fire the powder charge a piece of rope was kept lit near the breach where gun powder was stored in a little pan. When the trigger was pulled the match holder came down upon the gunpowder pan setting off the powder charge in the barrel thus firing the musket. This was replaced by the flintlock by American gunsmiths later on in our history.
There were matchlocks before flintlocks. They used a slow burning string, something like a fuse. The "hammer" held this in a clamp and when the trigger was pulled the lit "match" touched the priming powder in the pan (with any luck) firing the gun.