Net Income
Difference between revenue from sales and cost of goods sold is called "Gross profit".
net profit
Budget for a fiscal year is a statement of revenue and expenditure of the government for the particular year. If the expenditure is more than the revenue for a particular year, then this difference is called the fiscal deficit. If the revenue is more than the expenditure for a particular year then this difference is called the excess revenue.
revenue
The answer is income summary.
margin of safety
Yes revenues and expenses are part of income statement and difference between revenue and expenses is called net income or loss.
depreciation
A business (company or individual) earns money - called earning or revenue. To earn this, the entity incurs expenses - such as material, salaries, telecom costs. When you subtract the expenses from the revenue, the result is called 'profit', if it is positive, and 'loss', if negative. So the difference is - expenses are the costs incurred by a business, and loss is the difference between earnings and expenses, (if expenses are more than revenues).
Expenses more than income is called "Loss" Income over expenses called "Profit"
When payment for insurance is made advance of actual expenses then it is called prepaid insurance which is asset for business until insurance benefit is utilized while insurance expense is actual insurance expense when insurance benefit is taken.
For a normal business it is Profit or Loss (depending upon which is greater) For a non-profit organisation (eg a Charity) it is Surplus or Deficit.