Liquid helium is used to cool Jefferson Lab's accelerator components.
stone
The Fermi level is the energy level at which the probability of occupation of an electron state is 0.5 at thermal equilibrium. It represents the highest energy level in a material at which electrons are present at absolute zero temperature, and it plays a crucial role in determining the electrical and thermal properties of a material.
resistance
Tungsten. Gold or uranium may also be used but it is usually tungsten.
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The velocity of an electron in the photoelectric effect is primarily determined by the energy of the incident photon. If the photon energy is greater than the work function of the material, the electron can be ejected with higher velocity. Additionally, factors like the electric field in the material can influence the electron's velocity.
because values of charge and mass of electron remains constant whatever may be the material.
Atoms are not added but rather the material (usually silicon) is doped with an impurity like germanium to either add an extra electron (n-material) or be missing an electron (p-material) in the outer valance shell.
To find the average energy of electrons in sodium at absolute zero, you can use the formula for the Fermi energy, which is given by E (3/5) (h2 / (8 m V(2/3))), where h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of an electron, and V is the volume of the material. By plugging in the values for sodium, you can calculate the average energy of the electrons at absolute zero.
ohms law (resistance)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
The electron heat capacity of a material is related to its thermal properties because it determines how much heat energy can be absorbed by the electrons in the material. This affects how the material responds to changes in temperature and how efficiently it can conduct heat. In general, materials with higher electron heat capacity can store more heat energy and have better thermal conductivity.