it proposes and passes amendments
The Court restricted the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment by leaving its enforcement up to the states.
If your question refers to a state supreme court justice, and if your state provides for election to their supreme court rather than appointment, you can vote when you turn 18 (per the Twenty-Sixth Amendment of the US Constitution), provided you register properly before the election.If you are asking about US Supreme Court justices; they are nominated by the President and confirmed or rejected by Senate vote, not elected. The electorate (voting public) does not play a direct role in the appointment of justices to the US Supreme Court.
No, but they are the final authority on Constitutional interpretation and take an oath to uphold it. They can't enact or initiate constitutional changes, or prevent Congress and the states from ratifying amendments; they are bound by the laws of the Constitution.
it acts as the final authority on the constitutionally of state and Federal Laws
1876
Yes. The President is responsible for nominating a potential justice, and the Senate investigates, interviews and votes on the candidate's confirmation. If the Senate approves the nominee by a simple majority of 51 votes, then he or she becomes a Supreme Court Justice. The House of Representatives is not involved in the selection or confirmation process.
No. The US President is also Chief Commander of the Armed Forces (military) and head of the Executive Branch of government; the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (or Chief Justice of the United States) is head of the Court during his (or her) term of office. The President cannot play a direct role in the operation of the Supreme Court under the doctrine of "separation of powers" because the Judicial Branch is an independent part of government.
In the case of state governments wanting to make an amendment to the state constitution, a governor has the ability to pass the amendment or veto the amendment. The amendment bill must first be passed in the state congress.
2000
Yes. The US Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between the states.
The Supreme Court's verdict that a black could not qualify as a citizen.
There is no telling which case or what kind of a case the Supreme Court will hear. If a case is simple, it never will get to the Supreme Court. Cases that reach the Supreme Court have gone through one or more appeals processes. Sometimes a appeal reaches the Supreme Court when a federal court of appeals has made a ruling different from another federal court of appeals. In that case, the supreme court is asked to certify an issue. That is a fancy term meaning to play referee. The Supreme Court certifies an issue when it takes up an issue where district courts of appeal have made different rulings concerning the application of the same law. (Sometimes the Supreme Court refuses to take up the issue. In that case it simply states, "Cert. Denied.") Normally, all cases that reach the Supreme Court have come from the Federal Courts of Appeal or the Highest State Court. However, the Supreme Court reserves the right to sit as a court of original jurisdiction. The last time the Supreme Court granted a writ of Habeas Corpus was 1924. It retains that right. I doubt if any member on the Supreme Court has any idea under what conditions that would happen. Still, it retains that right.