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The formation of the Earth began with the accretion of dust and gas in the solar nebula, leading to the creation of a protoplanetary disk. This material gradually coalesced into planetesimals, which collided and merged to form larger bodies, eventually leading to the formation of the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago. Following its formation, the young Earth underwent significant heating due to radioactive decay and impacts, resulting in a molten state. As it cooled, a solid crust formed, and volcanic activity contributed to the development of the early atmosphere and oceans.

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