There are many "factions" in Skyrim, but few you can join. You can the factions like the Dark Brotherhood, Thieves Guild, the Blades, and the Companions. You can choose a side in the ongoing Civil War and side with the Imperials or the Stormcloak Rebellion.
Other "non-joinable factions" include the Forsworn, the Thalmor, the Bandits, the Pentus Occulatus...etc.
If you are a PC player, there are a few faction mods including a highly recommended "Pit Fighters" mod, and a "Join the Forsworn" mod.
Gods?
No.
Yes, you become a Nightingale close to the end of the Thieves Guild questline.
yes, If you are involved with that guild.
Among the oldest guilds were those for stone masons and glass makers. But there were guilds of all sorts, and in guild oriented cities, many or most jobs were involved in the guild structure. There were carpenters' guilds and bakers' guilds and cobblers' guilds. There were even guilds that were entirely female, such as the silk guilds of Paris and Cologne. In time, there were also merchant guilds, in addition to craft guilds. Please use the link below for more information.
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There is only one Nightingale bow in Skyrim
There were many guilds. They were divided into two main types, guilds for craftsmen and guilds for merchants. Each of these types had many different kinds of guilds within it. Examples of crafts guilds included stone masons, carpenters, wax candle makers, brewers, soap makers, and fine shoe makers. Industries such as textiles sometimes had many guilds associated with them, each for a different kind of operation. Wool weavers would have one guild, and another would be for makers of linen or silk, and tailors had their own guilds separately. Guilds were often affiliated with each other, and this included trade guilds and merchant guilds both. In some places, the town or city governments were run by guilds, and such cities built alliances of their own.
Nearly every craft or trade that required any skill had a guild. There were stonemasons' guilds, silk workers' guilds, carpenters' guilds, jewelers' guilds, merchant guilds of all sorts, and many others. There is a link below to an article on medieval guilds.
There are many Temples in Skyrim, one in each major city.
only one
city and guilds because it is