Depens on where you are. In the US, ordinary citizens may own semi-auto firearms, an in most states, fully automatic firearms (machine guns). They are required to be registered with the BATFE, and a transfer tax paid when fist buying one. They are VERY expensive, but legal. In other countries, other laws.
No.
In my experience, DOD civilians are allowed in on a space-available basis.
You need to take a firearms use and safety course.
In the United Kingdom, certain police officers are qualified to carry firearms.
Semi-automatic firearms, such as the 1911A1 pistol use a spring to help absorb some of the recoil energy, and use the energy to reload the pistol.
Yes, handcuffs are illegal in Massachusetts. Civilians are not allowed to own handcuffs. Only law enforcement can have and use handcuffs.
Typically, in instances where an imminent threat of death, serious bodily harm, or rape is present, either to the officers or to civilians.
Police themselves are civilians.
No. Especially when it comes to firearms. A convicted felon or someone convicted of a misdemeanor domestic abuse crime may not purchase, possess, or be allowed access to firearms. That sticks for life.
Criminal use of firearms
No, they do not use firearms. They are civilian organisation, and are not authorised to carry firearms. If firearms are ever required in an operation, the local police's armed response unit is contacted.
Most ranges do not provide firearms. There are some that RENT firearms for use on that range.