No, it cannot.
Assuming you mean a bullet fired from a .22 caliber handgun, the answer is, yes, it can, but it depends on several variables.
the numbers refer to the calibre of the weapon, which is the width of the bullet. so a 22 pistol fires a bullet with a width of .22 inches
Possible.
You will have to state whether it is a rifle or handgun to get an answer.
The short answer is no. You should never attempt to fire any cartridge in a gun other than what it is designed for. The longer answer is, you may possibly be able to get a .22 cartridge to fire from a 9mm, but it could damage the gun or the person shooting it.
No
If you mean "farther" yes, generally speaking, a .22 will travel further than a .45. The .45 is a much heavier bullet and loses velocity at a faster rate.
More expensive. That depends on what specific guns you are comparing. The .25 fires a bullet that is slightly larger in diamater than a .22
Let's start by using the right term- I think you mean a .380 cartridge- many guns use .380 caliber BULLETS.In general, NO. Unlike .22 shorts and long rifles, rimless cases do not interchange. It may be possible to get a .380 cartridge to fire in another gun- but not safely. Use ammo that is the caliber marked on the gun.
Most .380 caliber hand guns easily have the fire power to pierce a human or animal skull, as does even a .22 caliber. While the standard and lower cost 'full metal jacket' type ammo will work, many recommend the 'hollow point' ammunition for self defense. These bullets tend to 'mushroom' after exiting the barrel and make a much more sizeable and deadly wound. A very good quality .380 firearm is the Bersa Thunder series semi-automatic pistor, with a seven or nine bullet magazine.
.22 LR rim fire
22 hornet is a 22 calibre rifle. Most think of a 22 rifle as a rim fire rifle. But it shoots a 22 calibre bullet but the cartridge case that fires the bullet is no where near the same. The Hornet holds much more powder and is center fire.