Yes and no. The. 40 S&W is not interchangeable with the .357 Magnum, if that's what you had in mind. Most .357 Sig pistols can, however, but a .40 barrel will have to be dropped in in place of the .357 Sig barrel.
No
No. They are not designed to fire a 17 cal bullet
Yes. Your revolver will fire either one.
a bullet
No
No, never attempt to fire ammunition in a weapon it was not designed for!.
No, the bullet will not seat.
No.
The short answer is no. You should not (and normally can't) fire any ammo in a gun other than what it is specifically designed to shoot. There are some exceptions, such as, you can fire 38 special in a gun designed for .357 magnum.
Yes
No
Not recommended. Damage/injury might result.