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With the muzzle pointed up, a measured charge of black powder is poured down the barrel, and the rifle may be shaken or the butt thumped on the ground to settle the powder. A bullet (typically a round lead ball) is placed on a small greased cloth patch at the muzzle, and pushed into the barrel with a starter rod. Once inserted, the ramrod is used to push the bullet down the barrel, until it is resting on the powder charge. The rifle is them brought to a horizontal level, the cover of the priming pan (known as the frizzen) is opened, and a small amount of fine priming powder is placed in the pan. Once the frizzen is closed, and the hammer cocked, the rifle is ready to fire.

The process may vary slightly if the shooter is using paper cartridges. These are tubes of thin paper that hold a bullet, and a measured charge of powder. Thee were bitten or torn to open the tube, powder poured into the barrel, and paper/ball rammed home with the ramrod.

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