If the firing pin is in the center of the bolt it is center-fire. If the firing pin is at the edge of the bolt it is rimfire. The base of a center-fire cartridge will have a small circle in the middle made of different metal than the case. The base of a rimfire cartrige will be flat, maybe with a trademark engraved on it.
Centrefire
Centrefire. All .45 cartridges are Centrefire.
Centrefire tends to be more reliable, overall, and rimfire is used for very limited purposes... namely, subcalibre firearms.
They can be either rimfire or centrefire cartridges, but the operating principle is the same. The hammer strikes the back of the cartridge - the rim on a rimfire, and the primer on a centrefire cartridge - which sets off a chain reaction that ultimately ignites the gunpowder in the cartridge. The expanding gases from the ignited gunpowder is what separates the projectile from the casing and propels the projectile down the barrel.
Made by many companies in many different configurations
Depends on which cartridge it's intended to fire... if it's something like a .22 LR, it'll be a rimfire. If it fires a cartridge which a primer centred in the rear of the casing, then it'll be a centrefire.
The GSG can only have a ten round magazine, but, as a rimfire, it should be legal - the Clinton ban, which was written into NY's state legislature with the federal sunset in 2004 - identified a "civilian assault weapon" as a centrefire rifle, and not a rimfire. The Mossberg Persuader is legal, as well.
No, it's a subcalibre rimfire rifle.
The original was in caiber .44 Henry rimfire. Currently in caliber .22 rimfire. Which one?
Not likely
If you look at the bolt face, a center fire rifle will have the firing pin located in the center of the bolt. A rimfire rifle will have the firing pin located on the outside edge of the bolt.
In general, no. The cartridges will have differing shapes and sizes, a a rim fire firing pin strikes the rear edge of the cartridge, where a center fire firing pin strikes the center of the rear of the cartridge. HOWEVER, in past years a very few firearms have been made with a changable firing pin that could fire rimfire OR centerfire ammuntion of the same caliber.