The extractor removes a spent cartridge casing from the chamber after it is fired, and ejects it.
Many types. First, muzzle loaders do not use cartridge casings. Only autoloading firearms automatically eject a fired casing. Revolvers, and lever action, bolt action, and pump action firearms require a specific action by the shooter to eject a fired casing, as do single shot and double barreled shotguns.
The same as it is before it's fired - a casing. Some refer to an empty casing as a "shell" or "shell casing".
DO NOT DO THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A gun recoils when fired due to the need to eject the casing and to recycle the pent up gas
Depends on where you fired, when, at what/who.
The kick it has when fired.
Properly, a semi-auto or self loading pistol. It is a handgun, that when fired, extracts and ejects the fired cartridge, loads a fresh cartridge and recocks itself for firing, no action taken by the shooter.
It is the round with which the revolver was "proof fired" at the factory to test its functionality.
hash marks or lines running parallel with the casing, caused by the inside of the barrel of the gun as the bullet travels out when fired
No, there isn't.
Firearms such as rifles and shotguns, with a stock that permits them to be fired from the shoulder. This distinguishes them from handguns.