By outnumbering them on population, technology and, maybe most important, military.
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The control of Africa had been critical to European nations in 1913 because it offered them more power, territory, and abundant resources as well as a sufficient labor force. Basically, it could be considered as a race between all the competing countries for dominance in 1913.
colonies helped nations do this by providing gold and silver mines, producing goods that could be traded for gold and silver
The countries that lost the war had to pay for their aggression. These counties were already suffering and could not afford this so it put them into further debt and caused inflation.
Where continents were land bordered, such as North America and South America, then connections could be accomplished by horses, walking and cats pulled by oxen. When the continents are oceans apart, such as Europe and North America then sea travel by ships were the only way possible in the 1500's.