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World War I ended with uprisings and revolutions in several European countries. Communists took advantage of these uprisings and tried to take control of those countries. They were successful in Russia, and also tried in Germany (where they did control parts like Bavaria briefly) and Hungary (where they took control for about five months).
Europeans possessed more advanced military technology.
In 1938, Italy invaded parts of Africa, in 1939, the nazis invaded Poland which sparked retaliation by many governments.
European explorers introduced livestock, grain, grapes, sugar cane, onions, turnips, coffee beans and many plants and animals found in Europe, parts of Africa and parts of Asia.
Countries in the present sense didn't exist in the parts of Africa that Ibn Batutta visited.