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European countries expanded to become empires primarily through exploration, colonization, and military conquest from the 15th to the 20th centuries. They established overseas colonies by claiming land, exploiting resources, and establishing trade routes, often justified by notions of cultural superiority and economic gain. This expansion was facilitated by advancements in navigation, shipbuilding, and technology, as well as the establishment of powerful naval forces. Additionally, treaties, diplomacy, and sometimes coercive tactics were employed to secure dominance over indigenous populations and rival states.

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