What are the Merit and demerit of manual database management?

Answer 1

Advantages

• Reduced data redundancy
• Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
• Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
• Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages
• Improved data security
• Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
• Facilitated development of new applications program

Disadvantages

• Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
• Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
• Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
• Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system
• Initial training required for all programmers and users

Answer 2

One merit of manual database management is that it can provide a greater level of control and customization over the data. A demerit is that it can be time-consuming, prone to human error, and limited in terms of scalability compared to automated database management systems.