Dogs have always been able to understand feelings, some people don't notice that when they're upset their dogs will cuddle up closer or come over and lick your hand, they are extremely capable of reading body language and air tension so when you're upset the tension will be calm and sad. So in answer to the question, yes.
Yes they do. They can feel jealousy, love, hate, hurt feelings, happy, sad, etc. Just watch a dog for awhile.
Dogs react in many different ways and to many different things. To cars, dogs will chase, bark at, and cringe from. To people, dogs will love, hate, lick, bite, bark at, and snap to. To music, they will ignore or snore. Some dogs are "Picky Choosy" and some are "Whateverers". All of that depends on their character.
It is nasty, but dogs like the smell of their owners. That is why some dogs chew underwear and shoes. I don't understand why, but they do.
Most if the understand what it means
It depends on which animals. You know that dogs, cats, etc. are not the only animals that exist.
Yes. Dogs are a domestic animal so they primarily exist in 'captivity'.
They cannot understand your words but they can understand your feelings to a certain extent.
Empathy
Yes, dogs are able to distinguish between other dogs by their barks.
communication
if your lover does not understand your feelings?
Sometimes a brother does understand the feelings of his sister. But not always.
Dogs have just about all the feelings that humans have. Hate, love, sadness, excitment, etc.
express your feelings. if he still wouldn't understand it, better leave him.
Yes. The way to understand a person's feelings is to nottry to figure them out, but to listen when they talk about them.
no
Being able to understand and share someone else's feelings.
Yes.