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In the 1930s, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr contributed significantly to the modern understanding of speciation through the synthesis of genetics and natural selection. Dobzhansky emphasized the role of genetic variation and mutation in populations, arguing that these factors, along with natural selection, drive the evolution of new species. Mayr introduced the Biological Species Concept, focusing on reproductive isolation as a key mechanism for speciation. Together, they laid the groundwork for the modern evolutionary synthesis, integrating Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution.

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