What is the confusion effect in groups of animals?

Answer 1

Within certain species, the pros to group living triumph the cons. Group living can increase food gathering success and more achievement of avoiding predators, which in many cases makes the issues of competition and disease spread less imminent. Group living has many different assets to safety against predators. The three we are focusing on are the dilution effect, the confusion effect, and the odd prey effect. In the dilution effect, an individual's chance of being captured decreases as group size increases, often because the predator takes only a single or a limited number of prey on each attack. In the confusion effect, predators find it difficult to focus their concentration and pursuit on a specific individual prey animal when a large number of prey are escaping from predation at the same time, going in different directions, making a lot of noise, etc. It is difficult to focus on the stimuli coming from one prey because of the interference from all the stimuli coming from other escaping prey. The confusion may slow the predator down sufficiently that all of the prey are beyond successful pursuit distance before the predator is able to concentrate its efforts on any one prey animal, lowering the risk of capture for each prey individual in the group. In the odd prey effect, any prey that differs in a conspicuous way from the others in its group is more likely to draw a predator's notice, leading to an increased chance of its being attacked and captured.

Answer 2

With different mating call and communication calls.