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In breeding cows and heifers, estrogen is basically responsible for two things: 1) Bringing a female into heat or estrus so that she can be bred, since when a cow is showing signs of estrus this means she is ready to conceive or mate with a bull so that she can bear a calf. A cow nor heifer can become pregnant at any other time in their estrous cycle. Estrogen peaks at the time of estrus, which will change the behaviour of a cow or heifer from a seemingly placid, friendly animal to a madly rutting female that is desperately looking for a mate. 2) Encourage labour or parturition. Estrogen spikes when a cow is going into labour and ready to deliver a calf, and this estrogen is one of several hormones on the hormonal pathway to parturition (birth or calving) that is first initiated by the stress levels of the fetus.

Basically estrogen is one of many female hormones that is very important in cattle reproduction in both breeding and calving. Estrogen cannot function alone, however, without the help from other hormones in the female's system, including progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Estrogen is also used by producers as a hormone injection to synchronize the estrus patterns of several cows and heifers in order for them to come into heat at the same time, or close to, so they can be artificially inseminated. Estrogen or its similar form estradiol is also used to encourage abortion in cattle, especially in heifers that are too young to be in calf.

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