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Vivisection is defined as the dissection of living animals for experimental purposes. That definition has recently been broadened to include any experimentation on a living animal. The word comes from the Latin words vivus, which means "living", and sectio, "a cutting".

Vivisection has an ancient history dating back to around 500 BC. Akmaeon of Croton was one of the earliest actual vivisectionists, discovering the importance of the optic nerve to sight after he severed it in living animals. In the early 17th century, English physician William Harvey used vivisection to discover concepts such as the circulation of the blood.

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