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5 How does the geometry of bipolar flows and Herbig-Haro objects support the hypothesis that protostars are surrounded by rotating disks?
Sharpkn
The geometry of bipolar flows and Herbig-Haro (HH) objects provides valuable insights into the hypothesis that protostars are surrounded by rotating disks. This hypothesis is a fundamental concept in star formation theory, and the observations of bipolar flows and HH objects help to confirm its validity.
Bipolar flows:
Bipolar outflows are powerful streams of gas and dust that are ejected from young protostars during their early formation stages. These flows have a distinct bipolar shape, with two opposing jets of material moving in opposite directions along the rotational axis of the protostar. The key features of bipolar flows that support the rotating disk hypothesis are as follows:
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Symmetry: Bipolar flows exhibit a high degree of symmetry, with the jets emerging in opposite directions along a common axis. This axis is often aligned with the rotation axis of the protostellar system.
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Velocity gradients: The material in the bipolar flows shows a velocity gradient, with the highest velocities at the center and decreasing velocities as you move outward from the protostar. This is consistent with the idea that material is being launched from a central rotating disk, where material closer to the center is moving faster due to the higher angular velocity.
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Collimation: The jets in bipolar flows are highly collimated, which suggests that the material is being channeled through a narrow opening, potentially created by the surrounding rotating disk.
Herbig-Haro (HH) objects:
HH objects are the bright knots and shock fronts that form when bipolar outflows collide with the surrounding interstellar medium. These objects are often observed as highly directional structures, and they provide further evidence for the presence of rotating disks around protostars:
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Alignment with bipolar flows: HH objects are typically aligned with the axis of the bipolar outflows. This alignment suggests a connection between the ejected material and the protostellar rotation axis.
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Bow shock morphology: The bow shock shape of HH objects indicates that the outflowing material is encountering resistance from the surrounding medium. This is consistent with the idea that the material is emerging from a rotating disk and is colliding with the surrounding material, creating shocks.
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Shock-induced emission: The collision between the outflowing material and the surrounding medium generates shocks that produce bright emission lines, often indicating the presence of high-velocity material. These emission lines provide clues about the velocities and dynamics of the material being ejected from the rotating disk.
In summary, the geometry and characteristics of bipolar flows and Herbig-Haro objects strongly support the hypothesis that protostars are surrounded by rotating disks. The symmetrical bipolar shape, velocity gradients, collimation of material, alignment of HH objects with the bipolar outflows, and shock-induced emission all point toward the presence of a central rotating disk as a key component of the star formation process.
David Denton
Wiki User
∙ 12y agoHerbig-Haro objects are found along the same axis as jets that form the bipolar flows. Observations of these bipolar flows is evidence that protostars are surrounded by disks because only disks could focus the flows into jets.
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