A tetrad
Crossing overIndependent assortmentRandom fertilizationMutation1. Crossing overCrossing over is the exchange of corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. During prophase I (of meisosis I), homologous chromosomes synapse to form aggregates called either bivalents (bi = 2, and there are two homologous chromosomes in the aggregate) or tetrads (tetra = 4, and there are 4 chromatids in the aggregate). While the chromosomes are synapsed in prophase I, crossing over occurs. As a result, a chromatid that originally consisted of 100% maternal alleles and a chromatid that originally consisted of 100% paternal alleles become chromatids with a mixture of both maternal and paternal alleles. This shuffles genetic information and increases variation.2. Independent assortmentIn metaphase I (of meiosis I), the tetrads (bivalents) line up at the center of the cell. Which pole the maternal and paternal chromosomes face is a matter of chance; and the direction the maternal and paternal chromosomes face in one tetrad has no bearing on which way the maternal and paternal chromosomes of another tetrad face. Thus, when the homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, each pole will receive a mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes. This shuffles genetic information and increases variation.3. Random fertilizationBecause of the above processes, male animals can potentially produce millions or hundreds of millions of genetically unique sperm. And, male animals typically release millions of sperm during sex. Which one of the millions of genetically unique sperm happens to end up fertilizing the egg is largely a matter of chance. Thus, except foridentical twins, siblings never have exactly the same genetic information.4 Mutation takes place during replication of DNA which result in new varieties .
Plato = B tetrad synapsis
Two pairs of homologous chromosomes line up and form a tetrad near the beginning of prophase I of meiosis. The tetrads then perform the crossing over and recombination process before migrating to the cell equator.
An axoplasm is the cytoplasm of an axon - a nerve fibre which conducts nerve impulses away form the body of a cell, to a synapse.
Synapses
The noun form for the adjective paternal is paternity.
Crossing overIndependent assortmentRandom fertilizationMutation1. Crossing overCrossing over is the exchange of corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. During prophase I (of meisosis I), homologous chromosomes synapse to form aggregates called either bivalents (bi = 2, and there are two homologous chromosomes in the aggregate) or tetrads (tetra = 4, and there are 4 chromatids in the aggregate). While the chromosomes are synapsed in prophase I, crossing over occurs. As a result, a chromatid that originally consisted of 100% maternal alleles and a chromatid that originally consisted of 100% paternal alleles become chromatids with a mixture of both maternal and paternal alleles. This shuffles genetic information and increases variation.2. Independent assortmentIn metaphase I (of meiosis I), the tetrads (bivalents) line up at the center of the cell. Which pole the maternal and paternal chromosomes face is a matter of chance; and the direction the maternal and paternal chromosomes face in one tetrad has no bearing on which way the maternal and paternal chromosomes of another tetrad face. Thus, when the homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, each pole will receive a mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes. This shuffles genetic information and increases variation.3. Random fertilizationBecause of the above processes, male animals can potentially produce millions or hundreds of millions of genetically unique sperm. And, male animals typically release millions of sperm during sex. Which one of the millions of genetically unique sperm happens to end up fertilizing the egg is largely a matter of chance. Thus, except foridentical twins, siblings never have exactly the same genetic information.4 Mutation takes place during replication of DNA which result in new varieties .
The noun form for the adjective maternal is maternalism.
The noun form of the adjective 'maternal' is maternalism.
Plato = B tetrad synapsis
They connect via a synapse
The word 'maternal' is the adjective form of the noun mater (the Latin noun for 'mother') which is occasionally used in English.
motor end plate
Synaps/o or Synaptic/o
In prophase I there is a phenomenon known as genetic recombination or crossing over. Similar or homologous chromosomes get together to form a structure known as a tetrad. Two chromosomes (of the four= tetra) are originally from the parental sperm and the other two chromosomes are from the maternal source. Exchanging the DNA from one chromosome to another mixes the genes on these chromosomes so that after crossing over each chromosome is a mixture of maternal and paternal genes.
Two pairs of homologous chromosomes line up and form a tetrad near the beginning of prophase I of meiosis. The tetrads then perform the crossing over and recombination process before migrating to the cell equator.
An axoplasm is the cytoplasm of an axon - a nerve fibre which conducts nerve impulses away form the body of a cell, to a synapse.