A C++ structure (struct) is simply a type of class where all members have public access by default (class members are private by default). Aside from that, C++ classes and structures have exactly the same meaning; the following definitions are exactly equivalent:
struct S {
int x; // public by default
private:
int y;
};
class C { public:
int x;
private:
int y;
};
Note that although the physical representations of S and C types are exactly equivalent, they are still fundamentally different types. That is, you cannot pass an object of type C into a function that expects an object of type S, unless you explicitly define a cast operator to perform an implicit conversion from C to S.
By convention you will typically use structures to define PODs ('plain old data' types where all members are implicitly public and the type is not itself derived from another non-POD type) and use classes when you need to establish an invariant. However, there's nothing in the language that fundamentally prevents you from using a structure to establish an invariant or to use a class as a POD. The only real disadvantage in doing so is that (conventional) C++ programmers may question why you would choose to do so; it can only lead to confusion.
The main advantage of a struct is that it allows us to pass and return multiple values as a single data type. We can also use arrays to do this, however an array only allows us to pass and return multiple values of homogeneous types whereas a struct allows us to return heterogeneous type. Moreover, an array does not support the copy semantic so we cannot pass and return arrays by value, but we can with a struct.
Typically we use a struct to associate several pieces of information and treat the whole as a single entity, much as we would a database record except the fields are called data members.
Declaring and using struct data types is somewhat cumbersome because the struct keyword is also part of the type name:
struct point {
int x;
int y;
};
struct point p;
To simplify things, we typically declare an alias for the struct:
typedef struct point {
int x; int y;
} point_t;
point_t p;
The _t suffix usually denotes an alias for a type, however we often simplify further by placing the suffix on the type and leave the alias undecorated:
typedef struct point_t {
int x;
int y;
} point;
point p;
To initialise a struct, we can use member-wise initialisation:
point p {42, 0};
Or we can initialise members individually:
point p;
p.x = 42;
p.y = 0;
Note that we use the member-access operator (.) to access the individual members of a struct.
We can also use the copy semantic to initialise a struct:
point q {p}; // same as: struct q = p;
The copy semantic allows us to pass and return struct data types by value:
point scale (point p, double s) {
p.x *= s;
p.y *= s;
return p;
}
The size of a struct is the sum of its member types plus any padding bytes to allow for memory alignment. When the size of a struct is larger than a pointer, passing by reference is usually preferred:
point* scale (point* p, double s) {
p->x *= s;
p->y *= s;
return p;
}
Note that we use the pointer-to-member operator (->) when dereferencing the members of a pointer to struct.
Any data type may be used to define the members of a struct, including other struct types (known as embedded structures). For instance:
typedef struct circle_t {
point centre; // embedded structure
int radius;
} circle;
circle c {0, 0, 10}; // c.centre.x=0, c.centre.y=0, c.radius=10
A struct may also refer to its own type through a member pointer:
typedef struct node_t {
int data;
node* next; // pointer to the next node in a sequence of nodes (e.g., a list of nodes)
} node;
No Data hiding
Cannot add complex numbers
mala mahiti asat ter bhenchod tuzyakade kashala alo asto
when we want to integrate information in one entity then structure is used
by using structure in c.........
A tree.
C is a pop language. C is a case sensetive language. C is motherof all language. C is block structure language. C is a high level language. C is advace of B language. C developed by D.richties in 1972 at AT & T Bell lab in USA. Sachin Bhardwaj 986854722 skbmca@gmail.com
c language is the structure oriented language and c does not follows the object oriented paradigms . c++ obeys the all object oriented language characteristics ========== C++ is a set of extensions to the C language to allow some (not all) principles of object-oriented programming to be used. Originally, C++ was a front end pre-processor for C and C++ compilers will translate C language functions.
You cannot define the size of the structure, but you can query it with sizeof.The structure size in C language depends on the elements of the structure.Example:#include struct Test{int v;char str[100];};int main(){printf("The structure size is %d\n", sizeof(struct Test));return 0;}
Structure is a query that is used in language c++
by using structure in c.........
You can use OpenSSL.
a synonym for structure language in "Comb-sturctured" languages. C in comb.
A tree.
C is a pop language. C is a case sensetive language. C is motherof all language. C is block structure language. C is a high level language. C is advace of B language. C developed by D.richties in 1972 at AT & T Bell lab in USA. Sachin Bhardwaj 986854722 skbmca@gmail.com
open, read/write, close
c language is the structure oriented language and c does not follows the object oriented paradigms . c++ obeys the all object oriented language characteristics ========== C++ is a set of extensions to the C language to allow some (not all) principles of object-oriented programming to be used. Originally, C++ was a front end pre-processor for C and C++ compilers will translate C language functions.
The fundamental difference is that in C++ object-oriented programming (OOP) was added. C is a procedural language (that means. top-down structure design), where as C++, which is an extension of C itself, is an object oriented language.
You cannot define the size of the structure, but you can query it with sizeof.The structure size in C language depends on the elements of the structure.Example:#include struct Test{int v;char str[100];};int main(){printf("The structure size is %d\n", sizeof(struct Test));return 0;}
example of procedural programming are those programming language that have structure e.g basic,fortran,c++,c and pascal e.t.c
C would be a good language if you wanted to then go on to improve the efficiency of the code perhaps by editing the translated code. I wouldn't call C a high language :)