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The phenomenon is to be differentiated from borrowing. In general, the easiest way to find out whether a word or phrase is a borrowing in a given language is to determine whether the word is used by monolinguals of that language or not: Code-switches are only used by bilingual speakers. Borrowings, by contrast, are regularly used by monolinguals of a given language and that they have, to an extent at least, been adapted to the phonological system of the recipient language. However, as some linguists assume that the process of integration happens gradually, some forms of borrowings cannot be easily distinguished from code-switches. A more or less reliable test mentioned in the relevant literature relies on frequency (borrowings occur much more frequent than code switches).

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Borrowing is when a speaker uses a word from one language in another, while code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages in a conversation. Borrowing involves incorporating single words or phrases, while code-switching involves entire sentences or passages.

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Q: Difference between borrowing and code switching?
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