How do tornadoes hurricanes and thunderstorms form?

Answer 1

They all form by different mechanisms.

Volcanoes: Formation of volcanoes starts when hot rock in the mantle melts and rises through Earth's crust, erupting at the surface to form volcanoes. There are three main ways of melting the rock. The first occurs when a tectonic plate made of oceanic crust collides with another plate and is forced down into the mantle. Water trapped in the plate seeps out, lowering the melting point of the hot mantle rocks. The second occurs where two plates pull apart. At such a point, the crust is thin, which puts less pressure on the upper mantle, lowering the melting point. Finally, in some areas called hot spot, extra hot mantle material wells up to just under the crust, and some of it melts.

Earthquakes: Earthquakes are primarily a release of tension in Earth's crust. Most earthquakes occur at or near the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In these areas, the plates move into, away from, or past each other. Areas along the boundary snag and build up tension as the plates continue to move. When the plates slip, in what is called a rupture, the tension is released in the form of an Earthquake. This can occasionally happen at smaller faults away from plate boundaries.

Tsunamis: Most tsunamis result from underwater earthquakes, particularly megathrust earthquakes. In this scenario, a plate of oceanic crust slides under another plate in what is called subduction. Tension builds up between the plates, usually over a few centuries. When the tension is releases and the plates slip into a more stable position, there is vertical movement of the seafloor. This displaces the water overhead, generating a series of long-period waves. Some tsunamis result from landslides that either occur underwater or into water. In either case, the large movement of rock or sediment displaces a large volume of water, which generates waves.

Hurricanes: A hurricane, or generically a tropical cyclone, generally starts out as an area of low barometric pressure, showers, and thunderstorms called a tropical disturbance. As the disturbance moves out over warm, ocean water, the warm, humid air fuels the thunderstorms, causing them to grow stronger. The strengthening storms lower the pressure, causing the system to draw in more warm, moist air. This cycle reinforces itself and the system strengthens. As this happens, the Coriolis effect, a consequence of Earth's spin, causes the system to begin rotating. This causes it to organize, allowing it to draw in air more efficiently. Once the system develops a well-defined circulation, it is dubbed a tropical depression. When winds reach at least 39 mph it becomes a tropical storm. When they reach 74 mph it becomes a hurricane.

Tornadoes: The formation of tornadoes starts with the formation of thunderstorms. The thunderstorms that produce tornadoes usually develop where a cool and/or dry air mass plows into a warm, moist air mass. If there is enough energy in the atmosphere, these storms will become very strong. The next ingredient is wind shear, or differences in wind speed and direction with altitude. This does two things for the storm. First it affects circulation within the storm such that it is no longer choked by its own rain-cooled air, which commonly weakens and eventually kills thunderstorms. Second, in some cases it sets a thunderstorm rotating, turning it into a supercell. Rotation in a supercell is focused in an area called the mesocyclone. Under the right conditions, a downdraft may wrap around a portion of the mesocyclone, tightening and intensifying it to form a tornado.

Answer 2

For thunderstorms:

A layer of warm, moist air develops beneath a layer of cooler air. Then some force lifts this warm, moist air upwards. This can come from a passing front, a sea or land breeze, or even local topography. As this pocket of air air rises it cools, but so does the air around it. Eventually the pocket of air reaches a level where the water vapor in it starts to condense, forming clouds. This releases energy, slowing the rate at which the air pocket cools. This allows it to become warmer and thus less dense than its surroundings. Not the pocket of air can continue to rise on its own, higher and faster than the initial lifting mechanism could lifted it. The cloud becomes a towering cumulus congestus. As more moisture condenses and ice crystals form in the cloud's frigid upper reaches rain starts to fall, and the cloud becomes a cumulonimbus. The top of the cloud eventually reaches a warm layer than it cannot penetrate, so the top flattens out into an anvil shape. Collisions between ice crystals and water droplets create electrical charge differences that eventually lead to lightning. The cloud has becomea full-fledged thunderstorm.

For tornadoes:

First, a condition called wind shear, in which the speed or direction of the wind changes with altitude. If the shear is strong enough it can essentially tilt a thunderstorm, this separates the updraft and downdraft of the thunderstorm, preventing them from interfering with one another. This allows the storm to become stronger and last longer.

Additionally, if the wind shear is strong enough it can start the air rolling in what is called horizontal vorticity. This horizontal vorticity can then be turned vertical by a thunderstorm's updraft. When this happens, the thunderstorm may start rotating. The rotation is especially strong in an updraft called a mesocyclone. If the storm intensifies rapidly enough, a relatively warm downdraft called a rear-flank downdraft or RFD can wrap around the bottom part of the mesocyclone. This can then tighten and intensify its rotation and bring it down to the ground to produce a tornado.

For hurricanes:

A disorganized cluster of thunderstorm with low pressure moves or forms over warm ocean water. The moisture from the ocean causes the storms to strengthen and organize. At the same time air flowing into the low pressure area begins to rotate as a result of earth's spin. When the system develops a closed, organized circulation it becomes a tropical depression, the lowest category of tropical cyclone. As the storm strengthens further the pressure drops and wind speed increases. When sustained winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h) the system becomes a tropical storm. When they reach 74 mph (119 km/h) the storm becomes a hurricane.

Answer 3

One question at a time please