Unfortunately, there is no clear answer to this in the law, and no apparent pattern to judgments.
Making a copy of the software, including uploading it to a filesharing service, would be copyright infringement. Unauthorized alteration to the code would also be infringing.
You cannot find the complete source code of Google Chrome. It is because of the copyright they have over the code.
US Code Title 17 Circular 92 is a good source for copyright and related laws.
FOSS stands for Free Open Source Software and is often referred to as Free Software. This software allows individuals to rightfully use, copy, alter and study the any part of its' source code without copyright infringement.
Not at all. Both Unix and Windows are trademarked and copyright protected so they cannot share a common code base.
The notification may be at the bottom of each page (as here), on a separate "about" page, in the source code, or nowhere at all. A notification is not required for protection.
It must be freely distributed without restriction and the source code must be available.
The source code is openly available to anyone at no cost (excluding minor copying costs), to study, to improve, etc. However unlike public domain source, open source is copyrighted so that it will stay open (one of the clauses in the copyright requires that if you distribute your changed version you must make that version open source under the same copyright wording). You are allowed to take and sell the executable of open source code, especially if you plan on providing support for it to your customers; but all fixes and upgrades must remain open source so others can examine them, study them, improve them, etc.
Copyright affects what you can do with others' existing material, and what others can do you yours. If you're designing a web page, you want to ensure everything from the code to the sounds and images is either copyright-free or properly licensed. In exchange, you can claim copyright on the resulting page, and stop others from using it without your permission.
There is only one way to get your data from the databases with struts 2 and hibernate without having to touch the source code. You can achieve this by heading into the contact manager application.
No
In the US, computer code is broadly characterized as a literary work, and as such can be protected by copyright.