No, except at the beginning of a sentence because it is
n
ot a proper
n
ou
n.
Earth, as in we live on the planet Earth, is supposed to be capitalized. Earth, as in the dirt we walk on, is not supposed to be capitalized.
Capitalized, but not hyphenated: Commander in Chief
Usually, yes a phase of the moon is supposed to be capitalized.
the chief brontico See answer in "Is the name alfredo in chicken Alfredo supposed to be capitalized?"
No, it shouldn't be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
Yes, America should be capitalized.
no
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
"Ransom" and "Red Chief" should both be capitalized correctly.
No, but the names of individual languages are capitalized.
Yes, Siamese would be capitalized.