Buffalo, deer, antelope, rabbit, coyote, wolf, beer, cougar, prairie dog, wolverine, badger, muskrat, beaver, etc.
Along the pioneer trail, Mormon pioneers would communicate by leaving notes to passengers behind them written on buffalo skulls. The skulls would then be placed on the side of the trail so that those traveling along the trail would see them. These notes could vary from notifications of where to obtain food and water to messages to individuals.
Council Bluffs (called "Winter Quarters" by the Latter-day Saints) was one of the primary settlements along the so-called Mormon Trail after the Saints were forced to leave Nauvoo, Illinois. As immigrants pushed westward, they would camp at Winter Quarters until they had finished preparations for the balance of the trek. Thus it can be said that the Mormon Trail did indeed run through Council Bluffs.
English was the main language spoken by the Mormon pioneers, but many came from other areas of Europe, especially Scandinavian countries. Other common languages on the Mormon trail would be Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, and German. Some trail guides also spoke some Native American langauages or Spanish because they encountered many Native American tribes and Mexican or Spanish people along the way.
The Mormon trail crosses several rivers. Probably the most well known would be the Sweetwater River near Martin's Cove in Wyoming.
The main wildlife would be deer, bear, antelope, buffalo, cougar, prairie dog, chipmunk, squirrel, badger, muskrat, etc.
On horse, on foot, in a wagon or pulling a handcart.
The Mormon Trail didn't have one specific leader or group of leaders. Rather, each individual group that traveled the trail appointed a leader who was knowledgable about the terrain and had the skills needed to lead them safely to the west. Most people who travelled the Mormon Trail were Mormons, and therefore had the same religious leaders, but the religious leaderswere not generally the trail leaders (although in some cases religious leaders returning from missions abroad would assist in leading groups on the trail).
The Mormon pioneers often avoided the less travelled routes so that they could avoid confrontations with other travelers and not have to compete for food and resources found along to trail. They prepared the way for other travelers by planting small crops along the trail.
The Mormon trail wasn't about seeking out new lands, it wasn't about looking for gold or riches from the land either. It was about a group of religious believers having to leave their homes in the dead of winter and seeking religious freedom. This is what makes the Mormon Trail and the journey on the trail so very different than other journeys.The only thing that is similar to it would be the Puritans leaving England seeking religious freedom as well.
Along the Mormon Trail, people tried hard to keep their spirits up despite the rough conditions. During the day they often sang while they walked, and during the evenings they would have music and dancing. Sundays they would usually rest for the day to hold worship services and visit with each other.
The Mormon Trail didn't change the American West, because the Mormon Trail was next to the Oregon Trail. Another answer: The Mormon Trail followed the Oregon Trail until it hit Fort Bridger, Wyoming. There the Mormon Trail split off down toward where Salt Lake City, Utah is today. The largest change the Mormon Trail did to change the American West is bring a large influx of people into the American West. People who were willing to try to settle the desert areas in Utah and Idaho that no one else wanted to touch. It also helped solidify a trail that lead was a main stopping point for people headed to Oregon or California. People traveling on either the Oregon or California Trails would go to Salt Lake City and resupply before continuing their journey west, usually rejoining the trails around the southern central part of Idaho right near the Idaho-Utah border.
Those on the Mormon trail were seeking religious freedom, those on the Oregon trail were not traveling for religious reasons. Both were moving west for a chance at a new life, but what that 'new life' would involve was different.