From the ancient days itself, the column has been used as a re-enforcement for many of the infrastructures and has also been recognized as a work of art representing a sense of style and grandeur. If you are looking to build one, here are the tips on to get started :
Required Tools :
Masonry brush gloves
Masonry brush
Cement
Rubber cement
Water
Shovel
5 gallon pail
Wood (including 2*4 ply)
Here are the instructions to build :
Firstly before you begin, it is important you have a design of how your column footing should look. So design one.
Get a shovel and start digging the hole where the column footing must be placed. then dig an area around the column hole where the footing will be placed. The hole must be 12 inches deep and 23 inches wider.
Make a frame for each side of the foot using a 2*4 inch board. Once done, cut the frame to fasten them together.
Use a custom made 'form' to fasten the plywood and attach the lip of the form to the top of the plywood.
Start coating the inside part of the frame with quick drying rubber cement. Now use the shovel to mix two batches of cement with and without the gravel. Take smooth cement using the pail and full the frame below the edge of the outside walls. Now lay another layer of cement which is 4 inches deep into the 12 inches hole for the column.
Once you have mixed the cement, you will place the column footing in it.Then you should allow it to dry.Next you should remove the frame and form from the hardened cement and peel the rubber. Then allow the column to air dry.
Use the smooth cement to fill the empty gaps. Get masonry brush and put on masonry gloves to brush the final product so everything is smooth.
Hope this helps.
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column is designed for lateral load it is said to be unbraced column, if not braced column
It is the top section of the distillation column. The section where the vapour leaves the column to the condenser.
If Ly/Lx >12 then the column is said to be long column where Ly is the length of column and Lx is cross sectional dimension (B or D) Long column has reduction factor and it frequently failed under local buckling. so introducing a beam at least every floor level, the column design/act as a short column..column stiffness also increased tieing with the beam..
short column get failed due to crushing force only while long column got failed due to bending moment as well..
foundation reinforcement
Combined footing is foundations supported more than one column and it’s useful when the columns are very close to each other.Usually support two columns, or three columns not in a row.Combined footings are used when tow columns are so close that single footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property line.
A pedestal in a footing carries the load from the metal column to the footings below ground. The pedestal touches the ground so the metal does not come in contact with the soil.
B/3
Footings will differ based upon the type of project. Most footings, if building a deck for example, should be about six feet apart.
It is a foot to the second power
It is recommended that footings in the Wisconsin area be 48" for most buildings. This is because of the deep frost that can occur in harsh Wisconsin winters.
Isolated footings are constructed invidually & Mat foundation is making of mat and connecting all footings with this mat
Footings, the concrete pads upon which foundation walls are built, must be located beneath the frost line in order to prevent a building from heaving when the ground freezes. If the site is sloped maintaining a constant elevation for the footings would either cause the footings to be above the frost line or significantly deeper than the frost line at one end of the building. Stepping the footings enables them to follow the slope of the site and remain below the frost line without going too deep under the ground. It allows the foundation wall heights to be minimized because the footings are kept as close to the surface as possible.
If you mean stepped footings this is used if the structure is being built on a hill / slope. I stay in Scotland some of terms in construction can be different
Bldg code requirements vary with locale.
connecting between footings