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difference between Strain-stress diagram of copper and steel?
hi dear, yes its true that stress increases after lower yield for ductile material. it happens due to reason of strain hardening. strain hardening is the property of the material with which the grain structures presents in the body forms bond between them. so in order to break that bonds, the stress increases after lower yield point..
410 n/mm2
Hookes law says that stress, s, is proportional to strain,e, as s = E e where E is modulus. Since strain has no units (it is deflection per unit length) the units of E are the same as s. E is the slope of the stress strain diagram.
in any graph on horizontal axis we keep the independent variable and on vertical axis the dependent variable. similarly in stress strain diagram the strain is independent variable and stress is dependent variable so due to this reason strain is kept on x-axis and stress is kept on y-axis.
stress strain curve details
When ductile material is loaded, when stress reaches yield and if the load continues, as long as load is not high enough to break material, the material is strain hardened when returning to no load. That means its yield strength will be higher than before, and the material is stronger.
You usually say that the member fractures or fails at its ultimate stressDepending on the properties of the material, as stress increases, a typical metal will undergo elastic deformation, then a region of (nearly) constant plastic deformation, then strain hardening, a period of necking and then fracture.
Wherever there is stress there is strain. In the example you noted, if heated bar expands freely without one end constained it changes its strain without stress; that strain is called eigenstrain. If the same bar is held rigidly then the eigenstrain resisted and you get stress and strain. So stress cannot exist without strain; but strain can exist without stress if it is eigenstrain.
proportional limit is value of stress that beyond which it is nonlinear; prior to that the stress strain diagram is a straight line. At yield, the material strain will not return to zero after unloading and have a permanent set
G. R. Cowper has written: 'Strain-hardening and strain-rate effects'
In strain hardening hypothesis, the size of the yield locus is assumed to beindependent of the third invariant.In work hardening hypothesis, the size of the yield locus is assumed to depend on the total plastic work done (per unit volume) to achieve the present state of plastic deformation since last annealinfor isotropic hardening Both are same.