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Geological mapping is the production of a map containing the areal extent of outcrops of different types of rocks, their geometric relations to each other and partly also their internal structure.
Depending on which types of rocks are most abundant (igenous, metamorphic or sedimentary), different mapping strategies may be employed.
Usually formations are assigned which are packages of strata that are easy to distinguish from other rocks and form a coherent complex (similar depositional environment, similar facies, same volcanic eruption, same degree of metamophic overprint etc.)
These formations and especially the boundaries between two formations are than followed in the field and the structural (dip, plunge, shear indicators etc.) as well as lithological (composition) information is stored in a map.
From the information derived from the mapping of outcropping rocks a geological profile is constructed (this is always the case for a real geological map). The profile section is drawn along a relevant line (according to the purpose of the map) and shows how the strata that were found on the surface continue in the subsurface.
Often this sub-surface information is what makes geological maps a precious tool for companies and scientists as one can predict, where certain rocks (and ressources) can be found.
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