Shakespeare does occasionally quote his sources in his work. For example, the Latin phrase "Et tu, Brute?" in Julius Caesar comes from Plutarch. There is no particular name for these quotations.
References in Shakespeare to other works of literature or to mythology, which are usually the names of characters and not quotations, are called allusions. That term is not specific to Shakespeare: any reference to an outside source within a work is called an allusion. It's kind of like the modern term "Easter Egg" only allusions are more up front.
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" "To be, or not to be? That is the question"
"Brevity is the soul of wit," and "Out, damned spot! out, I say!" are different quotations from Shakespeare's plays
A great number. Exactly how many depends on what you mean by "very famous". However, you should find a copy of any book of famous quotations, and find out what percentage of the book is quotations from Shakespeare. On the average, it's a fifth to a quarter of the book.
Your best bet would be Hamlet, which reads like a string of famous quotations, Julius Caesar also has a lot.
"The arrangement of occurrence's" is the plot.
Definitely NOT.
in a chease factory
the Globe
Hamnet
It's called the First Folio, but it is only his collected plays. It does not include his poetry.
in 1623
Ophelia