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Error bars are a way to graphically represent the degree of uncertainty in a reported value. When you are producing 100,000 widgets it is impractical to test every one of them, so you might test 500 selected at random and find that you have 3 defective widgets. From that you can estimate that your defect rate is 6 defects per 1000 widgets - but is that the exact rate you would find if you tested all 100,000? Possibly, but more likely you would find it was some number close to that. Statistically you would expect it to be 6±4.37 for that sample size with 95% confidence. To represent this on a graph, you would show the value as 6 with error bars reaching out 4.37 above and below the data point.

Perhaps you are measuring the number of sales at a given store up to 11 am, noon, 1 pm, 2pm, 3pm, 4pm and 5 pm on Thursday. There is some uncertainty in the exact number because any returns would later have to be deducted from the total and there may be different amounts of lag time in reporting the sales from each register. If you know that the time error is no worse than 5 minutes and that, from experience, returns average about 1%, then you could show the data point with error bars reaching from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after the hour and an error bar reaching down 1% from the reported total sales.

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Q: What is the purpose of error bars in Microsoft Excel?
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How do you add error bars to a graph in Microsoft Excel 2010?

Launch Excel 2010 spreadsheet containing chart on which you want to show Error bars. For instance,say we have included a spreadsheet containing simple table defining Distance-Time relationship having Distanceand Time fields respectivelyAlong with the table we have also included a Scatter & Trend line graph, which made out of Distance-Time data values.Now we want to show the Error Bars in chart. For this, select the chart area and navigate to Layout tab, from Error Bars, click Error Bars With Standard Error.Upon click it will automatically show positive & negative and X & Y axis Error Bars in the chart.Now from Current Selection group under drop-down options select the Error Bars axis that you want to customize. You can choose X-axis or Y-axis for showing Error Bars.From left sidebar of the window select the suitable design and styling options for Error Bars to make them prominent in the chart. Hit Close to continue.You will see that only the positive vertical direction in the chart, the fixed value shows the Error vertical line against the specified value.Now we will be customizing horizontal bars that are best suited for spreadsheet. Right-click On the horizontal line in Error bars and click Format Error Bars.Format Error Bars window containing only Horizontal Error Bars options will appear. Under Direction, as we want to show only the bars for positive values so we would go for Plus. Under Error Amount, we selected Fixed Value. If you want to to show Error Bars with percentage or from Standard Deviation perspective then select the respective options.On left sidebar of the window select the suitable design and styling for Error Bars to make them prominent in the chart. Click Close to continue.You can see the horizontal bars are only shown in the positive X-axis direction and taking range as specified in Fixed value.


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