During the daytime, all of it; at night, no part of the Sun. During a short time, during sunrise, only part of the Sun is over the horizon.Note: This is for a specific observer; you can always find a point on the Earth where the Sun is above your head.
It is part of the count. Earth is the third planet from the sun.
If I understand the question as it is written, you are asking what it is called when the moon is between the sun and Earth. That would be called a 'solar eclipse.' If you have the sun blocked by the Earth stopping the moon from getting light it would be a 'lunar eclipse.'
You can't say how close a single part of the earth is to the sun, since the earth is rotating. But the distance from the earth to the sun is 93,000,000 miles.
Photosphere
No.
Equator.
Of course not. If it's the center of the Earth, it means that it's part of the Earth, not the sun.
Solar Eclipse
That's the "Celestial Equator".
It doesn't. The part of the Earth closest to the sun is the part of the Earth experiencing Winter.
what is the period when a given part of earth is facing the sun
No, Earth and the other planets and debris are part of the sun's solar system.
the part of the earth that you are on faces the sun. (the earth rotates on its axis) When it faces the sun, you see it.
you get no sun
It is part of the count. Earth is the third planet from the sun.
The Earth goes around the sun. We are part of the solar system.
Earth has revolved around the sun.