The fact that they all were Muslims. Today Shi'ite and Sunnite Muslim countries and clans are fighting a bitter power struggle, using Syria as their battlefield and are murdering each other wholesale, but until only a few decades ago, Shi'ite an Sunnite Muslims generally lived peacefully together and regularly intermarried. Exept for the ages-old matter of who in the 7th century was the rightful successor of the Prophet Muhammad, religious differences between the two are few and mostly minor.
If you are asking about the entirety of the population of the Islamic Caliphates, there was nothing that tied all of them together aside from being under the same government or governance structure (when the Caliphates broke up). The Islamic Caliphates were diverse in every way that that word has any meaning; they were diverse in religion, political belief, ethnicity, values, skills, education, sexuality, economic status, whether they originated locally or somewhere further away, whether they were free or enslaved. Like every empire from this time period, the Caliphates were a panoply of different ethnic and religious groups under the rule of a large and powerful emperor.
A:Muhammad began to preach the new religion of Islam in Mecca, but he gained power as a political and religious leader in Medina.
Kurds are members of a mainly pastoral Islamic people living in Kurdistan.
Answer 1The Afghan people followed Islam when they got convinced as to Islam's authenticity, logic, and morals.Answer 2Afghanistan (especially Western Afghanistan) was once part of Greater Persia, Khorasan, and Khwarezm. These provinces came under the influence of the Islamic Caliphates as early as the 650s C.E. In the Islamic Caliphates, being Moslem opened many economic and political doors for people. Therefore the Afghans who did not have a very strong attachment to their animistic traditions prior to being exposed to Islam, converted to Islam relatively quickly.
First, there is no such thing as "Muslim trade" or "Islamic trade". Muslims, as people, have no special advantages or disadvantages in terms of engaging in commerce of any kind and the religion of Islam actually delimits the kinds of commercial interaction that Muslims can have. (One can read further on the limits of commercial and insurance interaction that Islamic Law imposes in this Related Question: What is the law behind life insurance in Islam?)However, the early Islamic Caliphates, such as the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbassid Caliphate, and several subsequent empires did have several advantages as came to trade by dint of their imperial presence. These advantages would include:Strategic Territory: The Islamic Caliphates effectively controlled and ruled over the Middle East. This put them in the strategic intermediate territory between the Far East and Europe, allowing them to oversee trade between these regions.Valuing Commerce: The various Islamic Caliphates put a high value on mercantile behavior and the exchange of goods and services (especially when contrasted with Eastern Asia, where mercantile behavior was negatively viewed as charging money for creating nothing). Since the Islamic Caliphates valued trade, they spent money on building roads, supporting trade parties with military escorts, and building large bazaars for the exchange of goods within their realms.Prominent Evangelism Envoys: Since the Islamic Caliphates were supposed to be pious states, they sent out evangelists to the all of the peoples that they could reach. In order to sweeten the allure of conversion, these envoys were almost always accompanied by merchants promising (and delivering) technological wonders, unique products, and improvements for the locals. Regardless of whether the locals converted, they did enjoy the products brought to them and wanted to continue trade relations with the Islamic Caliphates.
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They spread several things such as: the Religion of Islam, advances in Astronomy, Chemistry, Algebra, Medicine, and Geometry, various forms of visual arts, music, poetry, historical records, and philosophical treatises.
People who eat together, share a house or even sleep in the same bed are living together. The term refers to people that share one home.
A group of similar individuals living together in an area is called population.
The people living in Timbuktu primarily follow the Islamic religion.
All foreign knowledge that the Mali Empire acquired was brought in by Arab Muslim merchants from North Africa, because the North African Islamic Caliphates were the only literate civilization that the Malians had constant contact with. Concurrently, the Abbassid Caliphate in the Middle East had translated many Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman tomes into Arabic, so it is quite possible that some copies of these books made there to Mali through trade between North African Islamic Caliphates and the Abbassid Calipgate.
Caliphs are political leaders of Islamic states, called caliphates. As Islam is not the most dominant religion, and people become more wary of the Middle East region, there is no need to worry about a caliph take over.
Islam as a religion is the glue that holds the Islamic World together.