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Actually, the first Council of the Church was the Council of Jerusalem in the book of Acts, but the Council that you are talking about is the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. which produced the first version of the Nicene Creed in which the Church is described as "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic." The heresy that they were dealing with was Arianism, a heresy by the priest Arian who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ.
The Church has been known as Catholic since the first century, it is first recorded in writing in St. Ignatius' Epistle to the Smyreans at the beginning of the second century. Thus the Church was known as Catholic before any conflicts that we know about outside of the Council of Jerusalem discussing whether converts had to be Jewish before they could become Christian.

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Q: What was the first Council of the Church and what did they discuss the conflict that led to the teachings that the Church is Catholic?
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