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There are several reasons for this:

1) The Earth is tilted on its axis, by about 23°. This means that during opposite times of the year, the Northern and Southern hemispheres receive much more direct sunlight than average, for a longer part of each day (what we call summer).

2) The Earth also rotates on its axis. An area of the planet that picks up heat while facing the sun during the day, will radiate it back out to space as it cools down overnight.

3) Clouds and other weather phenomena can reflect sunlight back up into space before it has a chance to warm the surface.

4) Most of our planet is ocean, which is slow to absorb heat and slow to release it. But the ice at the poles is much more reflective, and therefore absorbs even less; whereas land (especially dark earth and vegetation) is much more efficient at absorbing heat. This creates hot and cold areas, which try to even themselves out by producing sea currents and wind. (This is a big part of what drives our weather systems here on Earth.)

There are other contributing factors, like heat coming up from beneath the surface via volcanoes; but I'm sure you get the idea.

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Q: Why is the temperature across the world not the same at any one time?
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