There are several reasons for this:
1) The Earth is tilted on its axis, by about 23°. This means that during opposite times of the year, the Northern and Southern hemispheres receive much more direct sunlight than average, for a longer part of each day (what we call summer).
2) The Earth also rotates on its axis. An area of the planet that picks up heat while facing the sun during the day, will radiate it back out to space as it cools down overnight.
3) Clouds and other weather phenomena can reflect sunlight back up into space before it has a chance to warm the surface.
4) Most of our planet is ocean, which is slow to absorb heat and slow to release it. But the ice at the poles is much more reflective, and therefore absorbs even less; whereas land (especially dark earth and vegetation) is much more efficient at absorbing heat. This creates hot and cold areas, which try to even themselves out by producing sea currents and wind. (This is a big part of what drives our weather systems here on Earth.)
There are other contributing factors, like heat coming up from beneath the surface via volcanoes; but I'm sure you get the idea.
It depends how you measure it. You could measure the temperature at the same time at many places across the estuary and at different depths in the water and the mud. Then find the average temperature at that one time.You could measure the temperature at one place in the estuary every week for a year. Then find the average temperature for the year.
Temperature is the climate. A climate is the same temperature in a place for a long amount of time.
Whatever the room temperature happens to be at the time. If the room is 75° then the salt would be the same temperature.
They don't, they are cold blooded, and their blood temperature is based on the outside air temperature.
There are a total of 24 time zones located in the world. Each time zone represents a specific region where the local time is the same. These time zones are used to coordinate time across different locations and help in scheduling activities at a global level.
One can find out the current time in Calgary, or any other place, by looking at the Time Temperature website. The same information can also be found on the World Time Zone site.
There are many states that you can stand in at the same time. Just go to the border and stand across it.
At the triple point for the substance. At that particular temperature and pressure you have solid, liquid and gas existing at the same time, so it will "boil" (become a vapor) and freeze (become a solid) at the same time.
To make it easer for people to tell time across the world
You could possibly arrange an experiment for different substances to melt and boil at the same time, but they would not do so at the same temperature. Different substances have different properties, they do not all melt and boil at the same temperature.
More than likely!
Assuming "Room Temperature" is fairly constant (i.e not fluctuating dramatically) and the sample of Mercury has had time to equilibriate with it's surroundings, then the temperature of the Mercury will be the same as "Room Temperature".. what ever that happens to be at the time.