- This is a Korean name; the family name is Ban.
Ban Ki-moon (born June 13 1944)[1] is a South
Korean diplomat and the current Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Before becoming Secretary-General, Ban was a career diplomat in South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. He entered
diplomatic service the year he graduated college, accepting his first post in New Delhi. In
the foreign ministry he established a reputation for modesty and competence.
Ban was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of
Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006 he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General. Ban
was initially considered a long shot for the office. As foreign minister of Korea, however, he was able to travel to all the
countries on the United Nations Security Council, a maneuver that turned
him into the campaign's front runner.
On October 13 2006, he was elected to be the eighth
Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly. On
January 1, 2007, he succeeded Kofi
Annan, and passed several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Diplomatically, Ban has taken
particularly strong views on global warming, pressing the issue repeatedly with U.S.
President George W. Bush, and Darfur, where he
helped persuade Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to allow peacekeeping troops to enter
Sudan.
Early life
Ban, the oldest of six children, was born in Eumseong in a small farming village in
North Chungcheong, in 1944, while Korea was controlled by Japan. When he was three, his family moved to the nearby town of
Chungju, where he was raised.[2] During Ban's childhood, his father had a warehouse business, but the warehouse went bankrupt
and the family lost its middle-class standard of living. When Ban was 6, his family fled to a remote mountainside for the
duration of the Korean War.[1] After the war, his family returned to Chungju. The U.S. military troops in Korea were the
first Americans Ban ever met.[3]
Education
In secondary school Ban became a star pupil, particularly in his studies of English. According to local stories, Ban would
regularly walk 6 miles to a fertilizer factory to practice English with the factory's American advisors.[2] In 1956, he was selected by his class to
address a message to then UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, but it is unknown if
the message was ever sent. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross and earned a trip to the United States where he lived in San Francisco with a
host family for several months.[4] As part of
the trip, Ban met U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[1] When asked by a journalist at the meeting what Ban wanted to be when he
grew up, he said "I want to become a diplomat."[3]
Ban received a bachelor's degree in International Relations from Seoul National
University in 1970, and earned a Master of Public Administration
from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.[3] At Harvard, he studied under Joseph Nye who remarked that
Ban had "a rare combination of analytic clarity, humility and perseverance."[4]
In addition to his native Korean, Ban speaks English, French, Japanese and German, according to his curriculum vitae. There have been questions, however, on the extent of his knowledge of French, one of the two working languages of the United
Nations.[5]
Family
Ban Ki-moon met Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 when they were both high school students. Ban was 18 years old, Yoo Soon-taek was his
secondary school's student council president, Ban Ki-moon married Yoo Soon-taek, in 1971. They are still married and have three
adult children: two daughters and a son. Seon-yong: Born abt. 1972. She works for the Korea Foundation in Seoul. Woo-hyun: Born
abt. 1974. He is a student at the University of California at Los Angeles studying for a master's degree in business
administration. Hyun-hee: Born abt. 1976. She is a field officer for UNICEF in Nairobi, Kenya. [1] After his election as Secretary-General, Ban became an icon in his
home town, where his extended family still resides. Over 50,000 gathered in a soccer stadium in Chungju for celebration. In the
months after his appointment, thousands of practitioners of feng shui went to his village to
determine how it produced such an important person.[2] Ban himself is not a member of any church or religious group.[6] His mother is reportedly Buddhist.[2]
Personality
Ban's personality has been described as bland. In the Korean Foreign Ministry his nickname was Ban-chusa, meaning "the
Bureaucrat" or "the administrative clerk". The name was used as both positive and negative: complimenting Ban's attention to
detail and administrative skill while deriding what was seen as a lack of charisma and subservience to his superiors.[7] The Korean press corps calls him
"the slippery eel" for his ability to dodge questions.[3] His demeanor has also been described as a "Confucian
approach".[8]
Ban's work ethic is well-documented. His schedule is reportedly broken into five-minute blocks; Ban claims to sleep for only
five hours a night and never to have been late for work. During the nearly three years he was foreign minister for South Korea
the only vacation he took was for his daughter's wedding.[4] Ban has said that his only hobby is golf, and he plays only a couple of games a year.[1]
At the 2006 UN Correspondents' dinner in early December, after being elected Secretary-General, Ban surprised the audience by
singing a version of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", with the lyrics "Ban
Ki-moon is coming to town" instead.[9]
A major aim of Ban's campaign for UN Secretary-General and a focus of his early days in office was allaying concerns that he was
too dull for the job.[10]
Diplomatic career
After graduation from university, Ban received the top score on Korea's foreign service exam. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970, and worked his way up during the years of the
Yusin Constitution.[4]
His first overseas posting was to New Delhi where he served as vice consul and impressed
many of his superiors in the foreign ministry with his competence. Ban reportedly accepted a posting to India rather than the
more prestigious United States, because in India he would be able to save more money, and send
more home to his family.[11][12] In 1974 he received his first posting to the United
Nations, as First Secretary of the South Permanent Observer Mission (South Korea only became a full UN member state on
September 17, 1991).[13] After Park Chung Hee's 1979
assassination, Ban assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division.
In 1980 Ban became director of the United Nation's International Organizations and Treaties Bureau, headquartered in
Seoul.[12] He has been
posted twice to the Republic of Korea embassy in Washington, D.C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in
1990–92. In 1992, he became Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South
and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[11] From 1993–94 Ban was Korea's deputy ambassador to the United States. He was promoted to the
position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995 and then appointed National Security
Advisor to the President in 1996.[12] Ban's lengthy
career overseas has been credited with helping him avoid South Korea's unforgiving political environment.[8]
Ban was appointed Ambassador to Austria in 1998, and a
year later he was also elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Organization (CTBTO PrepCom). During the
negotiations, in what Ban considers the biggest blunder of his career, he included a positive statement about the
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in a public letter with Russia in 2001, shortly after the United States had decided to abandon the
treaty. To avoid anger from the United States, Ban was fired by President Kim Dae-jung, who
also issued a public apology for Ban's statement.[1]
Ban was unemployed for the first and only time in his career and was expecting to receive an assignment to work in a remote
and unimportant embassy.[1] In 2001,
during the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the
Republic of Korea held the rotating presidency, and to Ban's surprise, he was selected to be the chief of staff to general
assembly president Han Seung-soo.[14] In 2003, the new Korean President Roh Moo-hyun
selected Ban as one of his foreign policy advisors.[12]
Foreign Minister of Korea
In 2004, Ban replaced Yoon Young-kwan as foreign minister of Korea under president
Roh Moo Hyun.[3] At the beginning of his term, Ban was faced with two major crises: in June 2004
Kim Sun-il, a Korean translator, was kidnapped and killed by Islamic extremists and in
December 2004 dozens of Koreans died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Ban
survived scrutiny from lawmakers and saw an upturn in his popularity when talks began with North Korea.[12] Ban became actively involved in issues relating to inter-Korean
relationships.[11] In September 2005,
as Foreign Minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the
Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks held in Beijing.[15][16]
As foreign minister, Ban oversaw the trade and aid policies of South Korea. This work put Ban in the position of signing trade
deals and delivering foreign assistance to diplomats who would later be influential in his candidacy for Secretary-General. For
example, Ban became the first senior South Korean minister to travel to the Congo,
a Security Council member, since its independence in 1960.[17]
Awards
Ban has been awarded the Order of Service Merit by the Government of the Republic of
Korea on three occasions: in 1975, 1986 and 2006.[15] For his accomplishments as an envoy, he received the Grand Decoration of Honour from the
Republic of Austria in 2001. He has received awards from many of the countries with which he has
worked diplomatically: the government of Brazil bestowed the Grand Cross of Rio Branco upon him,
the government of Peru awarded him Gran Cruz del Sol Sun, and the Korea Society in New York City honored him with the
James A. Van Fleet Award for his contributions to friendship between the United
States and the Republic of Korea.[18]
Campaign for Secretary-General
In February 2006, Ban declared his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General
at the end of 2006, becoming the first South Korean to run for the office.[20] Though Ban was the first to announce a candidacy, he was not originally considered a serious
contender.[4]
Over the next eight months, Ban made ministerial visits to each of the 15 countries with a seat on the Security
Council.[3] Of the seven candidates, he
topped each of the four straw polls conducted by the UN Security Council: on July 24,[21] September 14,[22] September 28,[23] and October 2.[24]
In the period of those polls, Ban made major speeches to the Asia Society and the
Council on Foreign Relations in New York.[25][26] To be
confirmed, Ban needed not only to win the support of the diplomatic community, but be able to avoid a veto from any of the five
permanent members of the council: People's Republic of China,
France, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. Ban was popular in Washington for having pushed to
send South Korean troops to Iraq. But Ban also opposed several U.S. positions: he expressed his support for the International Criminal Court and favored an entirely non-confrontational approach to
dealing with North Korea.[3] Ban said
during the campaign that he would like to visit North Korea in person to meet with Kim Jong
Il directly.[16] Ban was viewed as a
stark contrast from Kofi Annan, who was considered charismatic, but perceived as a weak manager because of problems surrounding
the UN's oil-for-food program in Iraq.[7]
Ban also struggled to win the approval of France. His official biography states that he speaks both English and French, the two working languages of the UN
Secretariat. He has repeatedly struggled to answer questions in French from journalists.[5] Ban has repeatedly acknowledged his limitations at French, but assured
French diplomats that he was devoted to continuing his study. At a press conference on January
11, 2007, Ban remarked, “my French perhaps could be improved, and I am continuing to work. I
have taken French lessons over the last few months. I think that, even if my French isn't perfect, I will continue to study
it.”[27]
As the Secretary-General election drew closer there was rising criticism of the South Korean campaign on Ban's behalf.
Specifically, his alleged practice of systematically visiting all member states of the Security Council in his role as the
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade to secure votes in his support by signing trade deals with European countries and pledging
foreign aid to developing countries were the focus of
many news articles.[28] According to the
Washington Post, "rivals have privately grumbled that Republic of Korea,
which has the world's 11th-largest economy, has wielded its economic might to generate support for his candidacy". Ban reportedly
has said that these insinuations are "groundless". In an interview on 17 September,
2006 he stated: "As front-runner, I know that I can become a target of this very scrutinizing
process," and "I am a man of integrity."[29]
In the final informal poll on October 2, Ban received fourteen favorable votes and one
abstention ("no opinion") from the fifteen members of the Security Council (the polls were secret, and it is unknown which
country abstained). More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto; each of the other candidates received at least one
"no" vote from among the five permanent members.[30]
After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy[31] and China's Permanent
Representative to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the
candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly."[32]
On October 9, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. In the public vote,
he was supported by all 15 members of the council.[33] On October 13, the 192-member General Assembly acclaimed Ban as
Secretary-General.[14]
Term as Secretary-General
When Ban became Secretary-General, The Economist listed the major challenges
facing him in 2007: "rising nuclear demons in Iran and North Korea, a haemorrhaging wound in
Darfur, unending violence in the Middle East, looming environmental disaster, escalating
international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the spread of HIV/AIDS. And then the more parochial
concerns, such as the largely unfinished business of the most sweeping attempt at reform in the UN's history."[34] Before starting, Kofi Annan shared the story
that when the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie left office he told his successor,
Dag Hammarskjöld, "You are about to take over the most impossible job on
earth."[14]
On January 1, 2007 Ban took office as the eighth
Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ban's term as Secretary-General opened with a flap. At his first encounter with the
press as Secretary-General on 2 January, 2007, he refused to
condemn the death penalty imposed on Saddam
Hussein by the Iraqi High Tribunal, remarking that “The issue of capital punishment is for each and every member State to
decide.” [35] Ban's statements contradicted long-standing
United Nations opposition to the death penalty as a human rights concern.[36] He quickly clarified his stand in the case of Barzan al-Tikriti and Awad al-Bandar, two top
officials who were convicted of the deaths of 148 Shia Muslims in the Iraqi village of Dujail in
the 1980s. In a statement through his spokesperson on 6
January, he “strongly urged the Government of Iraq to grant a stay of execution to those whose death sentences may be
carried out in the near future.” [37][10] On the broader issue, he told a Washington,
D.C., audience on January 16, 2007 that he recognized and
encouraged the “growing trend in international society, international law and domestic policies and practices to phase out
eventually the death penalty.”[38]
Cabinet
In early January, Ban appointed the key members of his cabinet. As his Deputy Secretary-General he selected Tanzanian
foreign minister and professor Asha-Rose Migiro, a move that pleased African diplomats
who had concerns of losing power without Annan in office.[39]
The top position devoted exclusively to management, Under-Secretary-General for Management, was filled by Alicia Bárcena Ibarra. Ibarra was considered a UN insider, having previously served as Annan's
chief of staff. Her appointment was seen by critics as an indication that Ban would not make dramatic changes to UN
bureaucracy.[40] Ban appointed
Sir John Holmes, the British Ambassador to France, as Under-Secretary-General for humanitarian
affairs and coordinator of emergency relief.[40]
Ban initially said that he would delay making other appointments until his first round of reforms were approved, but he later
backed away from this stance after receiving criticism.[41][10] In
February he continued with appointments, selecting B. Lynn Pascoe, the U.S. ambassador to
Indonesia, to become Under-Secretary-General for political affairs. Jean-Marie
Guéhenno, a French diplomat, who had served as Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping operations under Annan remained in
office. Ban selected Vijay K. Nambiar as his chief of staff.[42]
The appointment of many women to top jobs was seen as fulfilling a campaign promise Ban had made to increase the role of women
in the United Nations. During Ban's first year as Secretary-General more top jobs were being handled by women than ever before.
Though not appointed by Ban, the president of the General Assembly, Haya Rashed
Al-Khalifa, is only the third woman to hold this position in UN history.[43]
Early reforms
In his first month in office, Ban proposed two major restructurings: to split the UN peacekeeping operation into two
departments and to combine the political affairs and disarmament department. His proposals met with stiff resistance from members
of the UN General Assembly, who bristled under Ban's request for rapid approval. The proposed merge of the disarmament and
political affairs offices was criticized by many in the developing world, partially because of rumors that Ban hoped to place
American B. Lynn Pascoe in charge of the new office. Alejandro D. Wolff, then
acting American ambassador, said the United States backed his proposals.[41][10]
After the early bout of reproach, Ban began extensive consultation with UN ambassadors, agreeing to have his peacekeeping
proposal extensively vetted. After the consultations, Ban dropped his proposal to combine political affairs and
disarmament.[44] Ban nevertheless pressed
ahead with reforms on job requirements at the UN requiring that all positions be considered five-year appointments, all receive
strict annual performance reviews, and all financial disclosures be made public. Though unpopular in the New York office, the
move was popular in other UN offices around the world and lauded by UN observers.[45] Ban's proposal to split the peacekeeping operation into one group
handling operations and another handling arms was finally adopted in mid March.[46]
Key issues
The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although
unsuccessful in some areas, Ban's predecessor Annan had been successful in increasing the UN peacekeeping presence and in
popularizing the Millennium Development Goals. UN observers were eager to
see on which issues Ban intends to focus, in addition to reform of the United Nations bureaucracy.[34]
On several prominent issues, such as proliferation in Iran and North Korea, Ban has deferred to the Security Council.[46] Ban has also declined to become involved
on the issue of Taiwan's status. In 2007, the Republic of Nauru,
raised the issue of allowing the Republic of China (Taiwan) to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women. Ban incorrectly referenced the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, and refused the motion.
On July 19, 2007, the President of the Republic of China wrote to
request admission into the UN by the name Taiwan. Ban immediately rejected the request.[47]
Global warming
Ban early on identified global warming as one of the key issues of his administration.
In a White House meeting with U.S. President George W.
Bush in January, Ban urged Bush to take steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions. On March
1, 2007 in a speech before the UN General Assembly Hall, Ban further emphasized his concerns
about global warming. Ban stated, "For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of nuclear winter seemed
the leading existential threat on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity—and to our planet—is at least matched
by climate change."[48]
Middle East
On Thursday, March 22, 2007, while taking part in the first
stop of a tour of the Middle East, a mortar attack hit just 80 meters from where the Secretary-General was standing, interrupting a press conference in Baghdad's Green Zone, and visibly shaking Ban and others. No one was hurt in
the incident.[49] The
United Nations had already limited its role in Iraq after its Baghdad headquarters was bombed in August 2003, killing 22 people.
Ban said, however, that he still hoped to find a way for the United Nations to "do more for Iraqi social and political
development."[50]
On his trip, Ban visited Egypt, Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and
Saudi Arabia, where Ban attended a conference with leaders of the Arab League and met for several hours with Omar Hassan al-Bashir,
the Sudanese president who had resisted UN peacekeepers in Darfur.[46] While Ban met with Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian
president, he declined to meet with Ismail Haniya of Hamas.[51]
Darfur
Ban took the first foreign trip of his term to attend the African Union summit in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in January 2007 as part of an
effort to reach out to the Group of 77.[34] He repeatedly identified Darfur as the top humanitarian priority of his
administration.[46] Ban played a large
role, with several face-to-face meetings with Sudanese President
Omar Hassan al-Bashir, in convincing Sudan to allow UN peacekeepers to enter the Darfur
region. On July 31, 2007 the United Nations Security Council
approved sending 26,000 UN peacekeepers into the region to join 7,000 troops from the African
Union. The resolution was heralded as a major breakthrough in confronting the Darfur
conflict (although many countries have labeled the conflict a "genocide," the United Nations has declined to do
so). The first phase of the peacekeeping mission is expected to begin in October 2007.[52]
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External links
