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The beta particles permeated the gold foil. Permeated means "penetrated something"

Replace the scalar pressure P by 1/3 times the trace of the tensor pressure, e.g. \beta = 1/3 (P_xx + P_yy + P_zz) / (B^2 / 2 \mu_0) . In the isotropic case P_xx = P_yy = P_zz and you get the usual definition.

Beta Beta Beta was created in 1922.

Beta particles, by definition, are either electrons or positrons, however most beta particles are electrons, and their production is called Beta- decay.

In Beta- decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, an electron, and an electron antineutrino. The is actually done when a down quark is converted into an up quark by emitting a W- boson, which then decays into the electron and the electron antineutrino.

Since the nucleus gains a proton, it becomes a different element.