The principal grammatical terms used in this book are as follows. Further information on some of them, and on other terms, can be found in the main text:
active voice the form of a verb in which the subject performs the action and the object (if there is one) is affected by the action (
The house stands on a corner /
France beat Brazil in the final). See also
passive voice below
adjective a word that describes another word, usually a noun or pronoun (
the green door /
The weather was pleasant /
She is French)
adverb a word that qualifies a verb (
She speaks softly), an adjective (
rather nice), or another adverb (
very quickly)
attributive denoting an adjective or noun that is put before another word, normally a noun, to qualify or describe it in some way (
brown shoes /
table lamp)
clause a group of words normally containing a verb and its subject. A main clause makes sense by itself and can constitute an entire sentence, e.g.
The train arrives at 6 o'clock. A subordinate clause is one that qualifies a main clause, e.g.
The train arrives at 6 o'clock if it is running on timeconjunction a word used to join words, phrases, and sentences, such as
and, but, and
ifcountable nouns nouns that form plurals, e.g.
ship, crisis, fellow-traveller, kindness (= a kind act). See also mass nouns and
uncountable nouns below
determiner a word that goes before a noun and determines its status in some way, such as
a, the, this, all, and
suchdiphthong a vowel in which the sound changes within a syllable, as in
coin, d
ay, d
eer, l
oud, p
ain, w
ear, etc.
infinitive the simplest uninflected form of a verb (
come, make, try, etc.), and the form that appears as the headword in dictionaries.
A to-infinitive is this form preceded by
to:
I want to go to the libraryinflection the change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its grammatical role, e.g. from singular to plural in nouns (
book /
books, church /
churches) and from present tense to past tense in verbs (
want /
wanted, make /
made)
interjection an exclamation such as
ah, gosh, and
whoops (often printed with an exclamation mark)
intransitive denoting a verb that does not take an object (
We arrived at noon)
main clause see
clause above
mass nouns nouns which form plurals with the meaning 'a type of...' or 'a quantity of...', e.g.
bread, medicine, wine. See also
countable nouns above and
uncountable nouns below
modifier a word that modifies or qualifies the meaning of another word. Modifiers are usually attributive nouns (
table lamp /
expiry date) and adjectives (
a large cake /
the English language), or adverbs (
We're almost ready)
noun a word that names a person or thing, including common nouns (
bridge, girl, sugar, unhappiness) and proper nouns (which name specific persons or things, e.g.
Asia, Concorde, Dickens)
passive voice the form of a verb in which the object of the active verb (see
active voice above) becomes the subject and the subject of the active verb is optionally expressed as an agent introduced by the preposition
by. The passive voice is illustrated by the sentences
Brazil were beaten in the final and Brazil were beaten by France in the finalpredicative denoting a word, especially an adjective, that is used after a linking verb (
The food was terrible /
They are becoming angry)
preposition a word that stands before a noun or pronoun (or later in a sentence, referring back to a noun or pronoun) and establishes its relation to what goes before, such as
after, on, for, and
with (
They came after dinner /
the man on the platform /
What did you do it for?)
pronoun a word used instead of a noun or noun phrase that has already been mentioned or is known, including the personal pronouns
I, you, she, us, etc., the relative pronouns
that, which, who, etc., the interrogative pronouns,
who, what, etc., and the demonstrative pronouns
this, that, those, etc.
subordinate clause see
clause above
tense the form of a verb in relation to time, e.g. present tense (
makes), past tense (
made /
has made) and future tense (
will make /
is going to make)
that-clause a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction
that (
I know that it is true)
to-infinitive see
infinitive above
transitive denoting a verb that takes an object, i.e. has a following word or phrase which the action of the verb affects (
They lit a fire)
uncountable nouns nouns which do not form plurals, e.g.
adolescence, heating, richness, warfare. See also mass nouns and
countable nouns above
verb a word that describes an action or state and is normally an essential element in a clause or sentence:
She locked the door /
We were lucky