Panic of 1819
- For the 1962 economic history book by Murray Rothbard, see The Panic of 1819.
The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812.
Explanations
Different economic schools of thought have offered explanations for the Panic of 1819.
Mainstream economic view
Mainstream economists view the nationwide depression that resulted from the Panic of 1819 as the first failure of the market economy.
Economists who adhere to mainstream theory suggest that the Panic of 1819 was the early Republic's first experience with the boom-bust cycles common to all modern economies. Clyde Haulman, Professor of Economics at the College of William and Mary (Clyde Haulman's Homepage), suggests that the Panic was more complex than some would suggest. It was not primarily a failure of the banking system following the War of 1812. Indeed, rather than being the first failure of the market economy in America, the Panic of 1819 marked the beginning of a new phase of American economic history, where mature market institutions would continue to move cyclically from boom to bust. These explanations are not intended to discount the importance of war-time public finance as a cause of the Panic. They simply acknowledge that there were broader, institutionally based causes for the events of 1819 and the early 1820's. [citation needed]
Austrian School
Austrian school economists view the nationwide recession that resulted from the Panic of 1819 as the first failure of expansionary monetary policy. The explanation of the Panic of 1819 is based on the Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle.
The seeds of the Panic of 1819 were sown in the early 1810s. Government borrowed heavily to finance the War of 1812. This caused tremendous strain on the banks’ reserves of specie, and led inevitably to a suspension of specie payments in 1814. The suspension of the obligation to redeem greatly spurred the establishment of new banks and the expansion of bank note issues.
The newly issued bank notes misled investors into believing that society's
It soon became clear that the monetary situation was in bad shape, with a return to specie payments becoming increasingly untenable. A nationwide return to specie would not be possible without a massive contraction in credit. Faced with these threatening circumstances, the Second Bank of the United States was forced to call a halt to its expansion and launch a painful process of contraction. There was a wave of bankruptcies, bank failures, and bank runs. Prices dropped and wide-scale urban unemployment began.
The Panic of 1819 was caused partially by international events. European demand for American foodstuffs was increased because the Napoleonic Wars decimated the agriculture in Europe. War and revolution in the New World destroyed the supply line of precious metals from Mexico and Peru to Europe. Without the base of the international money supply, poor European governments hoarded all the available specie. This caused American bankers and businessmen to start issuing false banknotes and expanding credit. American bankers, who had little experience with corporate charters, promissory notes, bills of exchange, or stocks and bonds, encouraged the speculated boom during the first years of the market revolution.
Small, local ups and downs had occurred in the market since the 1790s, but never to this magnitude. Businesses went bankrupt when they could not meet their debts, and hundreds of thousands of wage workers lost their jobs. For example unemployment reached 75 percent in the American city of Philadelphia, and 1,800 workers were imprisoned for debt. In Baltimore, the unemployed set up a city of tents on the outskirts of the city.
Proposed remedies
Proposed remedies included:
- increase of tariffs (largely proposed by Northern manufacturing interests).
- reduction of tariffs (largely proposed by Southerners, who believed free trade would stimulate the economy and increase demand).
- monetary expansion; i.e., restriction or suspension of specie payment.
- rigid enforcement of specie payment.
- restriction of bank credit.
- direct relief of debtors.
- public works proposals.
- stricter enforcement of anti-usury laws.
- abolition of the national bank (the Second Bank of the United States).
In the event, President Monroe, interpreting the economic crisis in the narrow monetary terms then current, limited governmental action to economizing and to ensuring fiscal stability. Although he agreed to the need for improved transportation facilities, he refused to approve appropriations for internal improvements without prior amendment of the Constitution.
The worst of the crisis was over by 1824, and the rest of the decade saw a gradual recovery of the U.S. economy. It was the nation's first experience with the mysteries and miseries of the business cycle.
See also
Further reading
- Robert Sobel Panic on Wall Street: A Classic History of America's Financial Disasters-With a New Exploration of the Crash of 1987 (E P Dutton; Reprint edition, May 1988) ISBN 0-525-48404-3.
External links
| Banking Panics in the United States |
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| Panic of 1797 · Panic of 1819 · Panic of 1825 · Panic of 1837 · Panic of 1847 · Panic of 1857 · Panic of 1866 · Panic of 1873 · Panic of 1884 · Panic of 1890 · Panic of 1893 · Panic of 1896 · Panic of 1901 · Panic of 1907 · Panic of 1910-1911 |
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