from programmed information processed by learning, usually rote learning.

Key theoretical perspectives on programmed learning include behaviorism, which emphasizes the use of reinforcement and conditioning to shape desired learning outcomes; cognitivism, which focuses on mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving in learning; and constructivism, which highlights the importance of learners actively constructing their own knowledge through interactions with the learning environment. These perspectives have influenced the design and implementation of programmed learning to enhance student engagement and achievement.

W. I. Smith has written:

'Programmed learning'

Edward J. Green has written:

'The learning process and programmed instruction' -- subject(s): Programmed instruction

Delbert J. Duncan has written:

'Programmed learning aid for retailing' -- subject(s): Management, Programmed instruction, Retail trade